What Did Art Look Like in the 1920s Fashion in 1900
Canadian Domicile Journal, 1920
Brazilian women salute Belgian monarchs on their arrival in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. two October 1920
A cartoon picturing French women's fashion, c.1921
Tennis player, Australia 1924
Western manner in the 1920s underwent a modernization. For women, fashion had continued to change away from the extravagant and restrictive styles of the Victorian and Edwardian periods, and towards looser clothing which revealed more of the arms and legs, that had begun at least a decade prior with the rising of hemlines to the talocrural joint and the motility from the S-curve corset to the columnar silhouette of the 1910s. Men besides began to wear less formal daily attire and able-bodied article of clothing or 'Sportswear' became a function of mainstream fashion for the showtime time. The 1920s are characterized by two distinct periods of fashion: in the early part of the decade, change was slower, and there was more reluctance to wear the new, revealing pop styles. From 1925, the public more passionately embraced the styles at present typically associated with the Roaring Twenties. These styles continued to narrate fashion until the worldwide depression worsened in 1931.
Overview [edit]
Afterwards World War I, the Us entered a prosperous era and, as a result of its function in the war, came out onto the world stage. Social customs and morals were relaxed in the optimism brought on by the terminate of the war and the booming of the stock marketplace. Women were entering the workforce in record numbers. In the Usa, there was the enactment of the 18th Subpoena, or as many know information technology, Prohibition, in 1920. Prohibition stated that it would be illegal to sell and consume alcohol. This lasted until 1933, and then it was a constant for the whole 1920s era. This "noble experiment"[ citation needed ] was intended to reduce crime and corruption, solve social issues, reduce the tax brunt created past prisons and poorhouses, and improve health and hygiene. The nationwide prohibition on alcohol was ignored by many resulting in speakeasies. Another important amendment in the United States was the 19th Subpoena, which gave women the right to vote. In that location was a revolution in almost every sphere of human activity. Fashion was no exception; women entered the workforce and earned the right to vote, and they felt liberated. Fashion trends became more accessible, masculine, and practical, creating the emergence of "The New Woman". Flappers was a popular name given to women of this fourth dimension because of what they wore. The constrictive corset, an essential undergarment to make the waist thinner, became a affair of the past.[1]
The evolution of new fabrics and new means of fastening clothing afflicted fashions of the 1920s. Natural fabrics such as cotton and wool were the arable fabrics of the decade. Silk was highly desired for its luxurious qualities, but the limited supply made it expensive. In the late 19th century, "artificial silk" was starting time made in France, from a solution of cellulose. After beingness patented in the Us, the showtime American plant began production of this new cloth, in 1910. This fiber became known as rayon. Rayon stockings became popular in the decade equally a substitute for silk stockings. Rayon was besides used in some undergarments. Many garments before the 1920s were fastened with buttons and lacing. Nevertheless, during this decade, the development of metal hooks and eyes meant that at that place were easier ways of fastening clothing. Hooks and eyes, buttons, zippers, and snaps were all used to spike wearable.
Vastly improved production methods enabled manufacturers to easily produce clothing affordable past working families. The average person's fashion sense became more sophisticated. Meanwhile, working-grade women looked for mod forms of apparel as they transitioned from rural to urban careers. Taking their cue from wealthier women, working women began wearing less expensive variations on the day suit, adopting a more than modernistic look that seemed to conform their new, technologically focused careers as typists and telephone operators.[2]
Although unproblematic lines and minimal beautification reigned on the runways, the 1920s were not free of luxury. Expensive fabrics, including silk, velvet, and satin were favored by loftier-end designers, while department stores carried less expensive variations on those designs fabricated of newly available synthetic fabrics. The use of mannequins became widespread during the 1920s and served as a way to show shoppers how to combine and accessorize the new fashions. The modernistic fashion cycle, established in the 1920s, still dominates the industry today. Designers favored separates in new fabrics like bailiwick of jersey that could be mixed and matched for work and modern, informal, united nations-chaperoned social activities like attending films or the theater and car rides.[2]
Women's wear [edit]
Bellas Hess and Company advertise particular, 1920
By early 1920s, most women not dared to bob their hair, then they pinned upwards to expect shorter. Mlle Cayet, Queen of Parisian Carnival, 1922
Between 1922 and 1923, the waistline dropped to the hips. The 1920s classic tubular mode was built-in. Parisian manner firm Madeleine-et-Madeleine design, Jan, 1922.
Paris set the fashion trends for Europe and North America.[three] The style for women was all almost letting loose. Women wore dresses all day, every twenty-four hour period. 24-hour interval dresses had a driblet waist, which was a belt effectually the low waist or hip and a brim that hung anywhere from the ankle on up to the knee joint, never above. Daywear had sleeves (long to mid-bicep) and a skirt that was direct, pleated, hank hem, or tiered. Hair was ofttimes bobbed, giving a boyish look.[4]
Clothing fashions changed with women's irresolute roles in lodge, peculiarly with the idea of new fashion. Although society matrons of a sure age continued to article of clothing conservative dresses, the sportswear worn by forrard-looking and younger women became the greatest change in post-state of war fashion. The tubular dresses of the 'teens had evolved into a like silhouette that now sported shorter skirts with pleats, gathers, or slits to allow motion. The nigh memorable fashion trend of the Roaring Twenties was undoubtedly "the flapper" look. The flapper dress was functional and flattened the bust line rather than accentuating it.[ane]
The straight-line chemise topped past the close-fitting cloche hat became the uniform of the day. Women "bobbed", or cutting, their hair brusque to fit under the pop hats, a radical move in the beginning, merely standard by the finish of the decade. Low-waisted dresses with fullness at the hemline allowed women to literally kick up their heels in new dances like the Charleston. In 1925, "shift" type dresses with no waistline emerged. At the stop of the decade, dresses were existence worn with straight bodices and collars. Tucks at the bottom of the bodices were popular, too as knife-pleated skirts with a hem approximately one inch below the knee.[five]
In the world of fine art, fashion was existence influenced heavily by art movements such as surrealism. Elsa Schiaparelli is one fundamental Italian designer of this decade who was heavily influenced by the "beyond the existent" art and incorporated it into her designs.
Proper attire for women was enforced for morning, afternoon, and evening activities. In the early part of the decade, wealthy women were still expected to change from a morning to an afternoon dress. These afternoon or "tea gowns" were less grade-fitting than evening gowns, featured long, flowing sleeves, and were adorned with sashes, bows, or artificial flowers at the waist. For evening wear the term "cocktail dress" was invented in French republic for American clientele. With the "New Woman" also came the "Drinking Adult female". The cocktail dress was styled with a matching hat, gloves, and shoes. What was so unique almost the cocktail wearing apparel was that it could be worn not merely at cocktail hours (6 and 8pm), but by manipulating and styling the accessories correctly could be worn appropriately for any outcome from 3 pm to the late evening. Evening gowns were typically slightly longer than tea gowns, in satin or velvet, and embellished with beads, rhinestones, or fringe.[2]
Accessories [edit]
I of the fundamental accessories in the 20s was the Cloche lid. "In 1926 Vogue stated 'The Bob Rules', just ix years later on the influential dancer, Irene Castle, cutting her pilus. This trending topic inspired a 1920 short story by F. Scott Fitzgerald, called Bernice Bobs Her Hair, and many editorials in Faddy throughout the decade."[6] The bob hairstyle matched perfectly with the loose and straight silhouette of the times. During this era Vogue gave credit to this new cut for the immense success of the chapeau business organization. New haircuts meant new styled hats, therefore there was a new craze for hats. The cloche chapeau and the bob were basically fabricated for each other.
Jewelry was less conspicuous.[7] Jewelry was much less elaborate, and began using 'romantic', more natural shapes. The Art Nouveau movement of 1890-1910 inspired virtually of the natural forms and geometric shapes of the jewelry during the 1920s. "Artful clean lines were inspired by designs found in industrial machines. A fundamental influence of this modernism was the influential Bauhaus motion, with its philosophy of course following function. Contrasting textures and colour were too in manner. Examples of changing tastes in design were the utilize of diamonds being set confronting onyx or trans lucid vitrines and amethysts juxtaposed against opaque coral and jade."[eight] Even though geometric shapes and cleaner shaped jewelry were at present a trend, one of the key pieces was the long rope pearl necklace. The long rope pearl necklace was a signature faux slice that was sold everywhere at the fourth dimension. It was inexpensive and basic in a woman'due south wardrobe. "Although buffeted by cycles of boom, depression and war, jewelry design between the 1920s and 1950s continued to be both innovative and glamorous. Sharp, geometric patterns celebrated the machine historic period, while exotic creations inspired by the Near and Far E hinted that jewelry fashions were truly international."[9]
Shoes were finally visible during the 1920s. Before, long garments covered up shoes, so they weren't an important part of women's way. At present, shoes were seen by anybody and played an important part during the 1920s. Women had all kinds of shoes for all kinds of events. Everything from house shoes, walking shoes, dancing shoes, sporting shoes, to swimming shoes. The shoe industry became an important manufacture that transformed the mode we buy shoes today. Shoes were made in standard sizes perfect to order from fashion catalogs to the near boutique. In the beginning of the 1920s, Mary Janes were still popular from previous era, although they paved the way for the invention of many other shoes. The T-strap heel was a variation of the Mary Jane, having the same base with the improver of a strap going around the heel and downward to the peak of the shoe that looked like a T. Also, "The bar shoe which fastened with a strap and a single button became pop during the 1920s. It was worn with the new short skirts and was practical for their vigorous style of dancing."[x]
The influence of jazz [edit]
"The Jazz Age", a term coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald, was a phrase used to represent the mass popularity of jazz music during the 1920s.[11] Both jazz music and trip the light fantastic marked the transition from the archaic societal values of the Victorian era to the arrival of a new youthful modernistic society. Jazz gained much of its popularity due to its perceived exoticism, from its Afro-American roots to its melodic and soulful rhythm. The music itself had quite an alluring effect on the new youthful society and was considered to exist the pulse of the 1920s due to its spontaneity. With new music emerged new dancing. Jazz dances, such as the Charleston, replaced the slow flit. Paul Whitman popularized jazz dance. In fact, jazz music and dance are responsible for the origin of the iconic term "flapper", a grouping of new socially anarchistic ladies. When dancers did the Charleston, the fast movement of the feet and swaying of the arms resembled the flapping movements of a bird.[11] Jazz music sparked the need to dance, and trip the light fantastic toe sparked the need for new habiliment, especially for women to easily trip the light fantastic without being constricted.
Dances such equally the Charleston and the Black Bottom in particular created a need for a revival in women'southward evening wear due to the dynamic and lively fashion of these jazz dances. Dress and skirt hems became shorter in society to allow the body to movement more hands. In addition, decorative embellishments on dresses such as fringe threads swung and jingled in sync with the motility of the torso. Lastly, the utilize of glossy and ornate textiles mirrored light to the tempo of jazz music and dance.[12] Jazz music and its perceived exotic nature had both a flamboyant influence on fashion while keeping both form and function in listen.
Jazz and its influence on mode reached even further, with both jazz and dance motifs making their way onto textiles. These new cloth designs included uneven repetitions and linear geometric patterns. Many textile patterns produced in the U.s. also incorporated images of both jazz bands and people dancing to jazz.[thirteen] The print Rhapsody shows a textile produced in 1925 representing a jazz band in a polka-dot like way.[xiv] Non just did textiles accept motifs of people dancing and playing jazz music, they included designs that were based on the overall rhythmic feel and sound of jazz music and dance.
The boyish figure [edit]
Undergarments began to transform afterward Globe War I to adapt to the ideals of a flatter chest and more boyish effigy. The female effigy was liberated from the restrictive corset, and newly popular the boyish look was accomplished through the use of bust bodices. Some of the new pieces included chemises, thin camisoles, and cami-knickers, after shortened to panties or knickers. These were primarily made from rayon and came in soft, light colors in order to be worn under semi-transparent fabrics.[xv] Young flappers took to these styles of underwear due to the power to motion more freely and the increased comfort when dancing to the high tempo jazz music. During the mid-1920s, all-in-ane lingerie became popular.
For the first time in centuries, women's legs were seen with hemlines rising to the human knee and dresses condign more than fitted. A more than masculine look became pop, including flattened breasts and hips, short hairstyles such every bit the bob cut, Eton crop, and the Marcel wave. The fashion was seen as expressing a bohemian and progressive outlook.
Ane of the first women to wear trousers, cut her hair brusque, and refuse the corset was Coco Chanel. Probably the most influential woman in fashion of the 20th century, Chanel did much to further the emancipation and liberty of women'south style.
Jean Patou, a new designer on the French scene, began making ii-slice sweater and skirt outfits in luxurious wool bailiwick of jersey and had an instant hit for his morning dresses and sports suits. American women embraced the wearing apparel of the designer as perfect for their increasingly active lifestyles.
By the cease of the 1920s, Elsa Schiaparelli stepped onto the phase to represent a younger generation. She combined the idea of classic design from the Greeks and Romans with the modern imperative for liberty of motility. Schiaparelli wrote that the ancient Greeks "gave to their goddesses... the repose of perfection and the fabled appearance of freedom." Her ain estimation produced evening gowns of elegant simplicity. Departing from the chemise, her dress returned to an sensation of the trunk beneath the evening gown.
- Way gallery 1920–25
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Summer sport suit, 1920.
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Actress Elaine Hammerstein, 1921. The brow was usually covered in the 1920s, here by a hat reaching to the eyebrows.
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Rolled stockings, 1922.
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Robe de style, Lanvin, 1922.
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Dress with a dropped waist and width at the hips, 1923.
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Teenage girls in Minnesota wearing breeches and riding boots with men's neckties, 1924.
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Past 1925, skirts ended simply below the articulatio genus. Tunic-tops and sweaters reaching to the hips were popular.
- Style gallery 1926–29
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Actress Aileen Pringle wearing a cloche hat and boldly patterned glaze, 1926.
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Actress Alice Joyce in a direct dress with a sheer beaded overdress, 1926.
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A painting showing the mid-decade silhouette at its simplest: languid pose, bobbed hair, knee-length dress with dropped waist, 1926.
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Woman with Umbrella, Ipolit Strâmbu, 1927. Designers used multiple hemlines (hither, tiers of ruffles) to accustom the eye to longer skirts. This dress foreshadows the higher waist and feminine look that spread to everyday style by the early 1930s.
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Adult female hiding a hip flask tucked in her garter belt during Prohibition, late 1920s.
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May 1928, abdomen and curves. Subsequently many years of a "stovepipe" silhouette, "natural" curves were beginning to reappear.[16]
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Knee-length, pleated skirts and dropped waists were still popular equally everyday clothes in 1929, though Paris designers were already showing longer skirts and higher waistlines.
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Bridesmaids gowns of 1929 have knee-length underskirts and longer, sheer over skirts, foreshadowing the trend toward longer skirts. Minnesota, 1929.
Menswear [edit]
In menswear, there were ii singled-out periods in the 1920s. Throughout the decade, men wore curt adjust jackets, the former long jackets being used merely for formal occasions. In the early on 1920s, men's fashion was characterized by extremely high-waisted jackets, often worn with belts. Lapels on accommodate jackets were not very broad as they tended to exist buttoned upwards high. This style of jacket seems to have been greatly influenced by the uniforms worn by the military during the Start World State of war. Trousers were relatively narrow and straight and they were worn rather short so that a man's socks often showed. Trousers too began to be worn cuffed at the bottom at this fourth dimension.
By 1925, wider trousers unremarkably known equally Oxford bags came into fashion, while conform jackets returned to a normal waist and lapels became wider and were oftentimes worn peaked. Loose-fitting sleeves without a taper also began to be worn during this period. During the late 1920s, double-breasted vests, frequently worn with a single-breasted jacket, besides became quite stylish. During the 1920s, men had a variety of sport clothes available to them, including sweaters and brusque trousers (commonly known in American English every bit knickers). For formal occasions in the daytime, a morning adapt was usually worn. For evening article of clothing men preferred the short tuxedo to the tail coat, which was now seen equally rather old-fashioned and snobby.
Men's style also became less regimented and formal. Men favored short jackets with two or three buttons rather than jackets with long tailcoats also every bit pinstriped suits. Casual-wear for men often included knickers, brusque pants that came to the knee.[1] The most formal men'south adapt consisted of a black or midnight-blue worsted eat-tailed coat trimmed with satin, and a pair of matching trousers, trimmed down the sides with wide braid or satin ribbon.[17] A white bow tie, black silk peak hat, white gloves, patent leather Oxford shoes, a white silk handkerchief, and a white blossom boutonnière completed the outfit. The tuxedo vest could be black or white, only, dissimilar the obligatory full-clothes white necktie, tuxedos ties were always blackness. Men normally completed their tuxedo outfit with all the same accessories every bit the full-dress conform, except that instead of pinnacle hats they would wear dark, dome-shaped hats chosen bowlers. Just similar women, men had certain attire that was worn for sure events. Tuxedos were appropriate attire at the theater, modest dinner parties, entertaining in the home, and dining in a restaurant. During the early on 1920s, nigh men's wearing apparel shirts had, instead of a collar, a narrow collar with a buttonhole in both the front and back. By the mid-1920s, still, many men preferred shirts with attached collars, which were softer and more comfy than rigid, detachable collars.[17]
- Men'due south hats
Men'southward hats were normally worn depending on their form, with upper class citizens usually wearing acme hats or a homburg chapeau. Center-class men wore either a fedora, bowler hat, or a trilby hat. During the summertime months, a straw boater was popular for upper class and middle-class men. Working-class men wore a standard newsboy cap or a apartment cap.
- Way gallery
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Publisher Edward Beale McLean wearing a three-piece striped adapt with a spread-collar shirt, 1924.
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High german aviators, one a prince, 1929.
Way influences and trends [edit]
During the 1920s, the notion of keeping up with mode trends and expressing oneself through material goods seized middle-class Americans as never before. Purchasing new clothes, new appliances, new automobiles, new anything indicated one'due south level of prosperity. Being considered old-fashioned, out-of-appointment, or—worse all the same—unable to afford fashionable new products was a fate many Americans went to corking lengths to avoid.[17]
For women, face, figure, crew, posture, and grooming had go of import fashion factors in improver to clothing. In particular, cosmetics became a major industry. Women did not feel ashamed for caring nigh their appearance and it was a proclamation of cocky-worth and vanity, hence why they no longer wanted to achieve a natural look. For evenings and events, the popular look was a smoky center with long lashes, rosy cheeks and a bold lip. To emphasize the eyes, Kohl eyeliner became popular, and was the kickoff time they knew anything of eyeliner (information almost Egyptian mode was non discovered until later on in the 1920s). Women besides started wearing foundation and using pressed pulverization. Also, with the invention of the hinge lipstick, lipstick was on the rise with bright colors and they applied their lipstick to achieve a cupid'southward bow and "bee stung" look.
Glamour was at present an important way trend due to the influence of the motility picture industry and the famous female movie stars. Style, at many social levels, was heavily influenced past the newly created, larger-than-life picture show stars. For the first time in history, style influences and trends were coming from more than than one source.[five] Non different today, women and men of the 1920s looked to motion picture stars equally their fashion icons. Women and men wanted to emulate the styles of Hollywood stars such as Louise Brooks, Greta Garbo, Rudolph Valentino, and Clark Gable.[1]
Work dress [edit]
For working class women in the 1920s, tailored suits with a straight, bend less cutting were popular. Throughout the decade, the lengths of skirts were ascent to the knee and and so to the talocrural joint diverse times affecting the skirt style of tailored suits.[18] Rayon, an artificial silk fabric, was most common for working-class women clothing.[nineteen]
For working-class men in the 1920s, suits were popular. Depending on the job title and season of the year, the conform would change.[twenty] These would take featured high lapels and were frequently made of thick wool material before the advent of fundamental heating.[21]
Children's fashion [edit]
Fashion for children started to go more than stylish and comfortable in the 1920s. Wearing apparel were made out of cotton wool and wool rather than silk, lace, and velvet. Clothes were also made more sturdy in social club to withstand play. During previous decades, many layers were worn; however, during the 1920s, minimal layers became the new standard.[22]
For girls, clothing became looser and shorter. Dresses and skirts were now knee length and loose fitting. Shoes were also fabricated out of canvass, making them lighter and easier to wear.[22]
For boys, human knee-length trousers were worn all year long and would be accompanied by ankle socks and canvas shoes. Pullovers and cardigans were also worn when the atmospheric condition became cooler.[22]
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Roller-skater, Mississippi, 1921.
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Children'south way, Federal republic of germany, 1925.
See as well [edit]
- Cosmetics in the 1920s
- Roaring Twenties
- Flapper
- Interwar period
Notes [edit]
- ^ a b c d Marsha West. Fashion Trends of the Twenties. July 1, 2008.
- ^ a b c Fashion in the 1920s (Overview). Pop Civilisation Universe: Icons, Idols, Ideas. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
- ^ Mary Louise Roberts, "Samson and Delilah revisited: the politics of women's fashion in 1920s France". American Historical Review 98.three (1993): 657-684.
- ^ Steven Zdatny, "The Boyish Expect and the Liberated Woman: The Politics and Aesthetics of Women'southward Hairstyles." Mode Theory i.4 (1997): 367-397.
- ^ a b Carol Nolan. "Ladies Fashions of the 1920s". Retrieved December 24, 2012.
- ^ "Vogue by the Decade". Vogue.
- ^ Simon Elation, "'Fifty'intelligence de la parure': Notes on Jewelry Wearing in the 1920s." Fashion Theory twenty.1 (2016): 5-26.
- ^ "1920s Jewellery Style and Inspiration". Winterson.
- ^ "A history of jewellery". Victoria and Albert.
- ^ Sancaktar, Asli. "An Assay of Shoe Within the Context of Social History of Fashion" (PDF).
- ^ a b Langley, Susan (2005-09-28). Roaring '20s Fashions: Jazz. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN9780764323195.
- ^ Hannel, Susan L. (2005). "four The Influence of American Jazz on Fashion". Twentieth-Century American Way. Wearing apparel, Body, Culture. doi:ten.2752/9781847882837/tcaf0008. ISBN9781847882837.
- ^ Hannel, Susan L. (2002). The Africana craze in the Jazz Age : a comparing of French and American fashion, 1920-1940 / (Thesis). [ permanent dead link ]
- ^ "Textile, Americana Print: Rhapsody, 1925". Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Blueprint Museum . Retrieved 2017-x-09 .
- ^ Thornton, Zita (2011). Style for a Jazz Age. Chicago, IL: Lightner Publishing Corp. p. 39.
- ^ "Back to Dazzler". The Spirella Mag. May 1928. p. 72.
- ^ a b c Bob Batchelor. "Manner in the 1920s". American Pop: Popular Culture Decade by Decade, Book ane: 1900–1929. Greenwood Press, 2009. pp. 292-302.
- ^ Vermont, Jens Hilke, University of. "Women'due south Clothing - 1920s - Wear - Dating - Mural Change Program". www.uvm.edu . Retrieved 2016-eleven-15 .
- ^ "History of Womens Fashion - 1920 to 1929 | Glamourdaze". glamourdaze.com . Retrieved 2016-11-fifteen .
- ^ "What Did Women & Men Clothing in the 1920s?". VintageDancer.com. 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2016-xi-15 .
- ^ "1920s Men'due south Fashion From Peaky Blinders To Gatsby". The Costume Rag. 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2019-12-17 .
- ^ a b c "1920 Children's Fashion Facts". LoveToKnow . Retrieved 2016-x-17 .
Farther reading [edit]
- Arnold, Janet: Patterns of Fashion 2: Englishwomen'south Dresses and Their Construction C.1860–1940, Wace 1966, Macmillan 1972. Revised metric edition, Drama Books 1977. ISBN 0-89676-027-8
- Black, J. Anderson, and Madge Garland, A History of Style, New York, Morrow, 1975
- Boucher, François: 20,000 Years of Fashion, Harry Abrams, 1966.
- Laver, James: The Concise History of Costume and Way, Abrams, 1979.
- Nunn, Joan: Fashion in Costume, 1200–2000, 2nd edition, A & C Black (Publishers) Ltd; Chicago: New Amsterdam Books, 2000. (Excerpts online at The Victorian Web)
- Russell, Douglas A. " Costume History and Style" Stanford University, 1983.
- Steele, Valerie: Paris Fashion: A Cultural History, Oxford Academy Printing, 1988, ISBN 0-19-504465-7
- Steele, Valerie: The Corset, Yale University Press, 2001
- The Spirella Magazine; MAY 1928
- Children'south mode of the 1920s
External links [edit]
- 1920s Mode Plates of men, women, and children's manner from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
- Photographs from the 1920s taken by photographer, Henry Walker at the Academy of Houston Digital Library
- "1920s - 20th Century Fashion Drawing and Illustration". Fashion, Jewellery & Accessories. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-01-08. Retrieved 2011-04-03 .
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920s_in_Western_fashion
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